Literary Origins, Cultural Relevance, And Documentary...

Rebecca Holland Visual Anthropology Dracula and Friends - Literary Origins, Cultural Relevance, and Documentary Techniques in the Cinematic Space of the American Vampire Film Beginning with a debut in American cinema in 1927 (1), the vampire has enjoyed a long and illustrious cinematic sojourn that has tracked a number of changes in his or her appearance, demeanor, personality, style of undeath, and relationship to humankind. At first an intimate invader, then a source of terror to be loathed and feared, the vampire has morphed into a rather sympathetic creature, romanticized and even envisioned as the ultimate lover in modern day film and literature. The cinematic methods with which the vampire has been depicted, and the light in which he has been cast are heavily influenced by the political and cultural climate of the age in which he has been incarnated (2). Moreover, those methods, when viewed through the anthropological lens, correlate with methods used to create the documentary space in visual anthropology. In this paper, I will be providing a brief overview of the vampire s debut in British literature in 1819, and the Orientalist influence that ultimately led to an inextricable link between the primitive exotic and the lord of vampires himself, Dracula, in Bram Stoker s 1897 novel. I will then look at the vampire s presence in American cinema, and discuss a few culturally relevant reasons for the vampire s journey from admired companion, to fearedShow MoreRelatedMass Communication5882 Words   |  24 PagesThe academic mass communication discipline historically differs from media studies and communication studies programs with roots in departments of theatre, film or speech, and with more interest in qualitative, interpretive theory, critical or cultural approaches to communication study. In contrast, many mass communication programs historically lean toward empirical analysis and quantitative research -- from statistical content analysis of media messages to survey res earch, public opinion pollingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesis nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Column 3: The neo-modernist perspective Column 4: Contributions to business and management Four combinations of science, scientific technique and the neo-modernist approach reach different parts of the organization Level 1: Developing the organization Level 2: Managing the human resource 100 100 102 102 103Read MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesand semiologist Roland Barthe (Writing Degree Zero, translated by A. Lavers, London, 1967), who uses it to indicate the presence of the interaction between an author and the society he writes in and for, and which is neither literary idiom nor literary style. Within any literary form there is a general choice of tone, of ethos . . . and there is precisely where the writer shows himself clearly as an individual because this is where he commits himself (p. 19). Thus, writing is the tone, delivery,Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesthat celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergenceRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagespurveyors of accounting solutions. Accountancy consultancies are much more interested in simple marketable solutions than more sophisticated insights into the complexity of the issues at stake. Although there is more and more talk of the need for relevance and application, the pressures at play are more likely to push in the opposite direction. Rather than building on a strong tradition of really useful relationships between the practical and academic spheres in accounting, I sense that the two worldsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescapitalist, colonial, and fascist. Particularly revealing are Spodek’s discussions of the influence of prominent urban planners and architects— including Le Corbusier and the Chicago School—urban preservation and the city as the locus of global cultural development, and the ways in which slums and shanty towns have morphed into long-term homes and viable communities for perhaps a majority of urban dwellers worldwide in the last half of the twentieth century. Broadly conceived and remarkably comprehensive

Visualizing Iran Through Satrapis Persepolis Essay

Visualizing Iran It is debatable that most people of western societies especially here in the U.S share a common perspective about the country of Iran having a reputation for terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism. In the media today, Iran is accused of having nuclear weapons and various politicians have made references to its contribution to the constant violence in Iraq. The information that we absorb everyday from news reports adds to our biases and enhances our negative opinions of Iran as a country. Through the help of the media, people of our culture stereotype the Iranians based on an ethnocentric viewpoint without developing a clear sense of understanding or the reasons behind their beliefs. In the graphic novel Persepolis, the†¦show more content†¦In other occasions, Satrapi uses several interactions between her family members to illustrate an environment similar ours. In a series of dialogues involving Marji’s uncle Anoosh, he tells her bedtime stories and speaks of his divorc e. Bedtime story telling from my perception is more of a westernized cultural norm and so is divorce. Satrapi chooses these scenarios involving Anoosh to present a fitting glance at her family’s acceptance to western culture. Among her family, she creates an atmosphere in relation to any that can easily be found in our society today. Not only does Satrapi create environments similar to that in which we might have found ourselves in, she aides us in visualizing these scenes through the imagery of the actual events. She uses this strategy to accurately project her desired viewpoint of the Iranian society to her audiences. Marji recounts, â€Å"Thousands of kids, promised a better life, exploded on the minefields with their keys around their necks† (102). In the picture that follows, a clear picture is painted into the reader’s mind of the scenario as the children can be seen with their keys still around their necks as they are killed. Many of our society’s youth today are being sent overseas to do battle in war fronts in places such as Iraq and Afghanistan. Similar to the keys handed to the Iranian youths, our young soldiers are

Born To Run free essay sample

Are we as humans truly â€Å"born to run†? If this is true, why do we need orthotics, knee supports, fish oils/supplements, ice packs, and top of the line name brand running shoes? Christopher McDougall asks exactly that in his journey to find the answer to these questions. His journey begins with his own simple question: â€Å"Why does my foot hurt? † Now, I’m sure this is a question we all have when it comes to running. Whether it’s your feet, shins, or knees†¦ none of which should really be an issue according to McDougall. He discovers this fact after visiting a couple doctors in the beginning of his story. The first of these doctors instructs him to buy $150 custom orthotics, and even pricier running shoes just in order to run properly, but later tells him that his body isn’t â€Å"made† for running, and recommends that he should stop entirely. The next visit McDougall makes, runs along the same lines as the previous one, until he hears of another doctor that finally takes the time to sit down with him, and actually video tape a recording of his running performance. She then plays the video back for him, in slow motion, so that he can fully grasp what exactly it is that he is doing wrong when running. He watches â€Å"in disgust†, saying that his legs sloughed along and his back was hunched over and he described himself as â€Å"flopping around like a fish on a hook†. It wasn’t until this realization that McDougall really understood what it was that he was failing at when it came to his â€Å"relaxing† sport of running. It’s not that he wasn’t â€Å"born to run†, it’s that he didn’t understand how to. He needed to comprehend the mechanics of running, make his body flow more easily, and relax his form as opposed to the clenched, rigid, and thundering form he had originally possessed. Christopher McDougall is actually a writer for the Men’s Health magazine, and in his studies for athletic performance, he ran across data stating that, â€Å"eight out of ten runners are hurt every year, doesn’t matter if you’re a natural runner or not†¦ running is the fitness version of drunk driving [and] each foot strike causes force on your legs of twice your body weight†. This information alone would scare away anyone from the sport of running. According to this information, it seems that people are running for the sake of losing weight and because they feel that they have to run, not necessarily because it is a relaxing, stress relieving activity. McDougall noted that the sport of running â€Å"ignites† from time to time, it becomes more and more popular when devastating events occur to a population. Events such as these induce a fight or flight adrenaline rush where the population â€Å"runs for fear†. He cites many examples such as the Great Depression, the Great American footrace (which caught fire in the seventies), the Vietnam War, and it especially became common after the crippling events of September 11, 2001, where trail running and adventure racing, statistically became largely popular again. It is our nature as humans to possess survival instincts such as running. McDougall decided to take a trip after experiencing these newfound facts about his desire to run, and heard of an ancient Mexican tribe given the name, the Tarahumara. Spanish conquistadors invading Mexico bestowed this name upon them, but their original name was the Raramuri, which meant, â€Å"the running people†. McDougall met a man by the name of Caballo Blanco who talked with him about tales and secrets, and told him what he knew of the Tarahumara. The two ran into some trouble along the way, experiencing the Zetas, in the â€Å"death mobile† and barriers with communicating. However, McDougall quickly learned that not only did the Tarahumara have amazing athletic capabilities, but they could essentially run ultra marathons with ease, without hesitation and on the thinnest handmade sandals. There were stories and records of these people running hundreds of miles at a time and because of this, he labeled the tribe the â€Å"Shao Lin monks of running† because of the grace, serenity and ease they run with, but then refuted the statement by stating that they drank like every day was new year’s eve, and all they ate was ground corn and barbequed mouse. McDougall realized that it’s not necessarily that the Tarahumara drank, or only ate what they could find, but that their technique for running and their form of flowing from step to step in a natural barefoot way was ultimately the best and most efficient way for a human body to run. He begins training with them, finding his own balance of foot strikes and body movement, and in time decides to train up for a fifty-mile ultra race of his own. McDougall begins to contemplate why we as humans have developed and adapted to endurance type running. He comes up with many theories, of which are, that humans eventually moved out of forests and into the deserts, then had to learn and adapt to physical hunting down their prey, and that we run because we fear. With this data, he composes his â€Å"endurance running hypothesis†. McDougall composed this book incredibly well, and at times it was a bit long winded, but I learned from what he had to say and the experiences he shared with the reader. He is an extremely intelligent, accredited man, but his story makes it relatable to the reader, saying that he injures himself in running just like any other regular Joe. Ultimately, I did learn a lot of data and general information from reading Born to Run, I learned that in order to perfect my form in running, maybe all it takes is for someone to tell or show me what it is that I am doing wrong, so that I can fix the issues. On the other hand, I have run barefoot and in minimalist shoes before, when the trend really started up again, a couple of years ago. It felt wonderful and natural for a while, and I would run barefoot everywhere, but when I donned my minimalist shoes, it was painful and with the training we do in ROTC, I could not continue to wear them, so I have taken up shoes with a smaller drop, in hopes of helping to improve my running capabilities like the Tarahumara.

Cost Sheet Paper Essay Example

Cost Sheet Paper Essay Cost Accounting Chapter Module-1 Introduction to Cost Accounting Definition Cost: Generally cost refers to all expenses incurred in producing a product or rendering service. But, from the cost accounting point of view â€Å"Cost is a normal sacrifice of resources in the creation of product or services†. Costing: Costing is defined as â€Å"the technique and process of ascertaining cost of a given thing†. According to CIMA it is defined as â€Å"the establishment of budgets, standard, costs and actual costs of operations, processes, activities or products and the analysis of variances, profitability or the social use of funds†. Cost Accounting: Cost accounting is defined as â€Å"the process of accounting for cost from the point at which expense is incurred or committed to the establishment of its ultimate relationship with cost centers and cost units. The institute of Cost and Works Accountant ICWA defines â€Å"Cost accounting is the technique and process of ascertainment of cost. Cost accounting is the process of accounting for cost, which, begins with recording of expenses or the basis on which they are calculated and end with preparation of statistical data. Cost Accountancy: Cost accountancy is used to describe the principles, conventions, techniques and systems which are employed in a business to plan and control the utilization of its resources. It is defined as â€Å"the application of costing and cost accounting principles, methods and techniques to the science, art and practice of cost control and the ascertainment of profitability. It includes the presentation of information derived there-from for the purpose of marginal decision making†. Cost Centre: Cost centre is defined as â€Å"a place or location or machine or person or thing for which cost can be ascertained†. It is the segment of ctivity or area of responsibility for which costs are accumulated†. Cost Unit: Cost unit is defined as â€Å"a unit of a product or service or combination of them in relation to which costs are ascertained or expressed†. Objectives of Cost Accounting: The main objectives or purposes of Cost accounting are as follows: 1. Ascertainment of Cost: It enables the Management to ascertain the cost of product, job, contract, services etc. The cost is calculated, by aggregating expenses subject to certain concepts and conventions. 2. Analysis of Cost: Total cost is broken down into several constituent parts according to some basis for eg. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Sheet Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Sheet Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Sheet Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Material labour expenses. The detail information about these parts helps to know the significance of each in the total cost. 3. Cost control: The object is to minimize the cost of manufacturing, comparison of actual cost with standards, reveals the discrepancies, variances. If the variances are adverse the management enters into investigation so as to adopt corrective action immediately. 4. Reduction of cost: Reduction of cost refers to the permanent reduction in the cost of a product or service without impairing the quality and without affecting the purpose for which it is intended to be used. Due to an instance competition in the market, the management has little scope to vary the sales price. In such situation, it becomes necessary to look into the activities that reduce the cost component. 5. Fixation of selling price: Cost accounting provides cost information on the basis of which selling prices of products or services may be fixed. In periods of depression cost accounting guides in deciding the extent to which the selling prices will be reduced to meet the special situation. 6. Guide to business policy: Cost accounting aims at serving the needs of management in conducting the business with more efficiency. Cost data provides guidelines for various managerial decisions, like make or buy, selling below cost, utilization of idle plant capacity, introduction of a new product etc. Functions of Cost accounting In order to pursue the objectives cost accounting is expected to perform the following functions. 1. Cost book keeping: It is a process of recording the relevant transactions to facilitate ascertainment of cost various accounts are maintained according to the principles of cost accounting. 2. Cost Analysis: This is the function of establishing the relationship between the cost and the various determinants of cost. It involves the determination whether a cost is direct cost or indirect cost, normal cost or abnormal cost etc. It serves costing objective. 3. Cost control: This is the function of establishing relationship between what should happen and what has happened. Cost accounting facilitates preparation of standard cost and their comparison with actual cost and the analysis of variances to their causes and remedial measures. 4. Cost Comparison: This is the function of comparing cost of alternative prospects, proposals, plans and actions. This comparison helps to take the right decision at crucial point of time. . Quotations: Another important function of cost accounting is to measure or scientifically estimate the cost of a job or work order to quote the price. Getting the order depends on the appropriate quotations, lower price may fetch more order and higher price may fetch less order. 6. Cost Planning: This is the function of planning involved in accounting for cost every cost segmen t or element should be properly planned and incurred accordingly. The overall planning of the organization should flow down to the level of incidence of cost in order to achieve the goal. . Cost Budgeting: This is the function of facilitating to formulate the cost budgets; the budget sets the overall limit of expenses and the cost information guides to be within the set frame works. Advantages of Cost accounting: Following are the advantages of Cost Accounting: 1. Action against Unprofitable activities:- It reveals unprofitable activities, inefficiencies such as wastage of materials and wastage of resources, inadequate utilization etc. The management is able to concentrate on profitable jobs and consider change or closure of the unprofitable jobs. 2. Facilitates Decision Making: It provides necessary data along with information to the management to take decision on any matter relating to the business. 3. Assists in fixing prices: The various types of cost accounting are much helpful in fixing the cost and selling price of a product. 4. Improve Efficiency:- Through the standard cost and budgetary control remedial action can be chosen in order to improve the efficiency and implement new principles. 5. Facilitates Cost Control: It facilitates cost control possible by comparisons, product wise, department wise or firm wise. 6. Establishes Standard Cost: It enables the managers to find out the cost of each job and to know what it should have cost. It indicates where the losses and wastes occur before the work is finished. 7. Inventory Control: It enables the management to have an effective system and check on all materials and stores. 8. Prevents Fraud: An effective costing system prevents frauds and manipulation and supplies cost data to the management. 9. Tool of Management Control: It provides systematic and comparative reports to the management and in turn corrective measures can be applied immediately. 0. Measuring Rods: It records the performance of different groups of workers, plant, and machinery etc for measuring their comparative efficiency. 11. Future prospects: The cost accountant not only provides the present trend but future prospects also. 12. Budgeting: As cost accounting reveals actual cost, estimated cost and standard cost of products, preparation of budget is easy. Disadvantages or limitations Cost accounting 1. ) In cost accounting many judgments are biased and depend on the individual discretion. 2. It is based on various assumptions leading to wrong conclusions in some cases. 3. ) It is expensive and can be adopted only in big companies and not suitable for small concerns. 4. ) It lacks uniformity in application. 5. ) Post apportionment may be arbitrary. 6. ) Different types of costs are required for different purposes. 7. ) Determination of standards is subject to fluctuations leading to suspicion. |FEATURES |FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING |COST ACCOUNTING | |1. Distinction |Transactions are recorded for a definite period |Transactions are identified with cost units | |Period/Amount | | | |2. Coverage of transactions |It covers transactions of the whole firm pertaining to |It covers only a part of the transactions namely | | |business- complete |manufacturing, sales service etc partial | |3. Purpose |It prepares to show the final results during a particular |It aims to guide the management for proper planning, | | |period to owners, outsiders etc |control and decision making | |4. Efficiency |The overall results of the business can be revealed by p l|It analyzes the profitability and un-profitability of | | |account but results of each dept. cannot be known as such |each department so that corrective measures can be | | |corrective measures cannot be taken. taken. | |5. Material control |It does not tell us the inefficiencies of material handling |It provides a system of good inventory control through| | |as the figures are available in aggregate |a prescribed procedure for purchases, storage issues | | | |etc. | |6. Transaction |It deals with external transactions |It deals with internal transactions | |7. Dealings |It deals with actual facts and figures |It deals partly with actual facts figures partly | | | |with estimate | |8. Classification |It makes no distinction between controllable and |It makes clear distinction between controllable | | |uncontrollable or fixed and variable costs |uncontrollable or fixed variable cost. The cost can | | | |be reduced to the minimum. | |9. Stock |It is valued at cost price or market price whichever less |It is valued at cost | | |is. | | |10. Relative efficiency |It does not reveal the relative efficiencies of workers, |It provides information of all operations and can | | |plant, machineries etc. compare with standard cost deviations can be | | | |analyzed for corrective actions. | |11. Legal requirements |They are kept as required by Co’s Act, I. T. Act etc |These accounts are generally kept to meet the | | | |requirements of the Management | Financial Accounting versus Cost Accounting . Methods of Costing Following are the important methods of costing: 1. Job Costing: It is defined by ICMA London as â€Å"that form of specific order, costing, which applies where work is undertaken to customer’s special requirements. † It means and applied to an industry, which produces a definite article against individual orders from customers. This is a system of costing where the items of cost are traced for specific jobs or orders. This type of costing is suitable to printing press, repair shops, furniture manufacture etc. 2. Contract Costing: The method of contract costing is applied where the job is big and of longer duration. For each individual contract separate accounts are kept and costs are ascertained. It applies to the concerns like construction of roads, bridges, buildings etc. 3. Batch Costing: A batch may represent a number of small orders partly in batches through the factory. The unit of cost is a batch or a group of identical products. The total cost of a batch is ascertained and the same is divided, by the number of units in the batch, so as to know the cost per unit. 4. Multiple Costing: It means combination of two or more of the above methods. This system of costing is adopted in manufacturing concerns where a variety of parts are produced separately and later assembled into a final product. It is also known as composite costing. One system of costing cannot be applied due to the fact each component differs from the other in respect of material in manufacturing process. 5. Process Costing: It applies to industries where production is carried on through different stages (process) before becoming a finished product. The output of each process becomes the input of the next process. Finished products are obtained at the end of each process. The method of ascertaining the cost of each such processes and the cost per unit at each process is known as process costing. 6. Single Output or Unit Costing: Under the method production is continuous and units are identical. By preparing a cost sheet the cost per unit is arrived at by dividing the total cost by the total number of units produced. 7. Operating Costing: This method is used by those industries, which render services instead of producing goods. This system is adopted where expenses are incurred for provision of services. For eg. Transport companies, Electricity co’s, Railways etc. 8. Departmental Costing: It is a method of cost finding adopted to ascertain the cost of operating a department or a cost center separately. Techniques of costing 1. Historical Costing: It refers to the ascertainment of cost after they have been incurred. For example the expenditure on building, which is still in use? 2. Standard Costing: Standard cost is predetermined cost. The costs are determined in advance of production. Standard performance is said in terms of cost and actual costs are compared with the standards. 3. Uniform Costing: It is a system of costing which are adopted by the undertaking for all its products. This system enables inter-firm comparisons. 4. Marginal Costing: This system of costing differentiates between fixed cost and variable cost, Under this system the cost is ascertained for producing excess of a unit of a commodity. The cost that is saved by decreasing the production by one unit is called marginal cost. Cost Classification There are various ways of classifying cost, each classification serves a different purpose. Important classifications are given below. 1. ) Functional Classification: On this basis costs are classified into the following groups. a. ) Manufacturing Cost: Also named production cost or factory cost. This is the cost of the sequence of operation, which begins with supplying material, labour and services and ends with the completion of production. Examples of Manufacturing Cost are materials, wages, power, lighting etc. . ) Administration Cost: This is the general administration cost and includes all expenditure incurred in formulating the policy, directing the organization and controlling the operations of an undertaking which is not directly related to production and selling and distribution functions. Examples: Office rent, postage, legal expenses, audit fees, directors remunera tion. c. ) Selling and Distribution Cost: Selling cost is the cost of seeking to create and stimulating demand and of securing orders. Examples:- Advertising, Salaries Commission of Sales men, Showroom expenses etc. Distribution cost is the cost of sequence of operation, which begins with making the packed products available for dispatch, and ends with and ends with making the reconditioned returned empty package for reuse. Examples; Carriage outwards, Packing cost, Operating cost of delivery vans, Wearhousing etc. 2. ) Classification according to variability or cost behaviour:- a. ) Fixed Cost: These costs remain fixed in total and do not increase or decrease when the volume of production increases or decreases. Ex; Rent, Managerial salaries etc. b. ) Variable cost: These costs fluctuate in proportion to the volume of production. In other words when volume of output increases total variable cost also increase and vice versa. But the variable cost per unit remains fixed. Ex. Direct material cost, Direct wages, Power etc. c. ) Semi- Variable Cost or Semi Fixed Cost: There are certain items of cost which are partly fixed and partly variable, these are termed as semi fixed or semi variable cost. Ex. In case of telephone expenses, there is a minimum rent and after a specified number of calls, charges are according o the number of additional calls made. Thus telephone costs are semi fixed. Other examples :- Depreciation, Indirect labour, repairs and maintenance etc. . ) Classification of Cost into Direct and Indirect Direct Cost:- Direct costs are those which are incurred for and may be conveniently identified with a particular product, process or department. Cost of raw materials used and labour employed in the manufacture of a product are common examples of direct cost. Indirect Cost: Indirect costs are general c ost and are incurred for the general benefit of a number of cost units, processes or departments. These costs cannot be conveniently identified with a particular cost unit or cost center. Depreciation of machinery, lighting, insurance, materials used in repairs etc. re common examples of indirect cost. 4. ) Classification according to Controllability. a. ) Controllable Costs: These are the costs, which may be directly regulated at a given level of management authority. Variable costs are generally controllable by departmental heads. Examples; Cost of raw materials may be controlled by purchasing in large quantities. b. ) Uncontrollable Costs: These are those costs which cannot be influenced by the action of a specified member of an enterprise Fixed costs are generally uncontrollable. Examples; It is very difficult to control cost like factory, rent, managerial salary etc. Other classification 1. ) Conversion Cost: The cost, which, is incurred to convert the raw material into finished product is called conversion cost. 2. ) Opportunity Cost: This is the benefit foregone for having selected one alternative use against another for eg; the benefit lost for not having selected a project, which gives an income of Rs. 10, 000/- as against a product selected which gives an income of Rs. 12, 000/-. 3. ) Imputed Cost: [Hypothetical Cost]: This type of cost is neither spent nor recorded in the books of account For ex. Interest on capital, Rent on freehold Premises etc; are notional costs. These types of costs are not actually incurred but are to be considered in making decision but in costing they are charged while ascertaining the cost of a product. 4. ) Replacement Cost: It is a cost of replacing a material or product in current market. 5. ) Sunk Cost: A cost which was incurred or sunk in the past and is not relevant to the particular decision, making, is a sunk cost. For ex. :- the expenditure on building which is abundant. 6. ) Out of Pocket Cost : The cost which involves the cash outflow due to a particular management decision is called out of pocket cost for ex. Depreciation 7. ) Shut down Cost: It refers to the cost which continue to occur even after the shutting down of the plant or temporary stoppage of production activities such as salary of workmen, Rent, Depreciation etc. Cost Sheet: A cost sheet is a statement showing the detail of various elements of cost in the manufacture of a product. It is defined as a document, which provide for the assembly of the detailed cost of a cost center or cost unit. A cost sheet provides the split up of cost as prime cost, works cost, cost of production, cost of goods sold and sales. A cost sheet will reveal the cost per unit and well as total cost Elements of Cost: The following chart shows the various elements of cost. Material LabourExpenses Direct IndirectDirect Indirect Direct Indirect Prime Cost Overhead Factory OH AdminveOH SellingDistribn. OH Direct Material + D. Labour + D. Expenses = Prime cost Prime Cost + Factory OH = Factory Cost Factory Cost + Administrative OH = Cost of production Cost of prodn + Selling Distrn. Exp. = Cost of sales Cost of Sales + Profit = Sales In the books of †¦.. Cost sheet for the period of †¦.. Particulars |Amount |Amount | |Opening stock of Raw-material |Xxxxx | | |Add: Purchase of Raw-material |Xxxxx | | |Less: Closing stock of Raw-material |Xxxxx | | |Raw-materials consumed | |Xxxxxx | |Add: Direct Wages | |Xxxxxx | |Add: Direct Expenses | |Xxxxxx | |Prime Cost | |Xxxxxx | |Add: Factory Overhead | |Xxxxxx | | | |Xxxxxx | |Add: Opening stock of Work-in-progress | |Xxxxxx | |Less: Closing stock of Work-in-progress | |Xxxxxx | |Works Cost/Factory cost | |Xxxxxx | |Add: Office and Administration overhead | |Xxxxxx | |Cost of Production | |Xxxxxx | |Add: Opening Stock of Finished goods | |Xxxxxx | |Less: Closing stock of finished goods | |Xxxxxx | |Cost of goods sold | |Xxxxxx | |Add: Selling and distribution overhead | |Xxxxxx | |Cost of Sales | |Xxxxxx | |Profit/Loss | |Xxxxxx | |Sales | |Xxxxxx | The cost is composed of three elements- Materials, labour and expenses. Each of these elements can be direct and indirect that is direct material and indirect material, direct labour and indirect labour, direct expenses and indirect expenses. Direct Material: Direct Materials are those materials, which can be conveniently identified with and allocated to cost units. Direct materials generally become a part of the finished product. Ex. Leather in shoe making, cloth in garments, timber in furniture. Direct Labour: Direct labour cost consists of wages paid to workers directly engaged in converting raw materials into finished products. These wages can be conveniently identified with a particular product, job or process. Wages paid to a machine operator is a case of direct wages. Direct Expenses: These expenses are also known as chargeable expenses, include all direct cost other than direct material and direct labour that are specially incurred for a particular product or process. Ex. Cost of special moulds patterns, Royalties, higher charges of plant for a particular job etc are direct expenses. Prime Cost: The aggregate of direct material cost direct labour cost and direct expenses is termed as prime cost. Overheads: Overhead is the total of all indirect expenses. It is defined as â€Å" the aggregate of indirect material, indirect labour, and indirect expenses. Overhead is also known as on cost, supplementary cost, burden etc. OH thus consists of three elements namely:- Indirect material, Indirect labour, and Indirect expenses. Indirect Material: They are those materials which cannot be identified with individual cost unit. These are generally minor in importance. Ex. Coal, Lubricating oil, Sand paper, soap etc. Indirect Labour: It is of general character and cannot be conveniently identified with a particular cost unit. Indirect labour is not directly engaged in production but only indirectly assists in production operations. Ex. Peon, Watchman Supervisor etc. Indirect Expenses: All indirect costs other than indirect materials and indirect labour cost are termed as indirect expenses. These cannot be directly identified with a particular job, process, or work order and are common to cost units and cost centers. Ex. Rent rates, Insurance, depreciation, Power, Cartage, Advertising etc. Overheads are classified into production overhead, administration OH, Selling and Distribution OH. Production OH:- It includes all indirect costs which are connected with the manufacture of a product. It is also known as Manufacturing OH or Work OH. Ex. Factory rent, Coal, Depreciation of plant, power, grease, oil, lubricants etc. Office or Administrative OH: These are the OH’s incurred in the General management and administration of the enterprise. Ex. Office rent, Office lighting, Audit fees, Ofice printing stationery. Selling and Distribution OH: Selling Oh’s are incurred in promoting sales and securing orders. Ex. Advertisement expenses, Salaries of salesmen, Showroom expenses. Distribution Overhead include all expenditure incurred from the time the product is complete and put in storage for despatch until it reaches customers. Ex. Upkeep and running cost of delivery vans, packing cost, wearhousing cost, carriage outwards etc. Installation of a Costing System Cost accounting is an independent system, many advantages are derived to the organization from the system. In the wake of computer invention the scope of the system is enlarged. Certain expenses are incurred to install this system. The advantages of this system would outweigh the expenses to be incurred, in the long run. Not only the big firms even the small firms can develop this system in a simple and small way. Proper care should be taken to see that the system is installed properly. Otherwise it may become a burden to the company. The extent of the requirement complexity of the system depends on the objectives of the management. It must not only meet the internal needs but also the external needs such as legal requirements, Government and the industry. The installation of the costing system requires the following steps to be taken: 1. Preliminary investigations should be made relating to the technical aspects of business. 2. The organizational structure of the business should be studied to ascertain the scope of authority of each executive. 3. The methods of purchase, storage, and issue of materials should be examined and modified as per the requirements. 4. The existing methods of remunerating labour should be examined. 5. Forms and accounting records should be so designed so as to involve minimum clerical labour and expenditure. 6. The size and layout of the factory should be studied. 7. The system should be effective in cost control and cost reduction. 8. Costing system should be simple and easy to operate. 9. The installation and operation of the system should be economical. 10. The system should be improved gradually. Total Cost Overhead

The eNotes Blog Scholarship Spotlightâ€February 2016

Scholarship Spotlight- February 2016 Every month, we select some of the best scholarships around and post them here on our blog. When you are ready to apply, check out our tips on  How to Write a Scholarship Essay. Visit   Essay Lab  if you’re looking for a writing expert  to review and provide feedback on your scholarship or college application essays! Buick Achievers Scholarship Program Amount: Up to $25,000 per year, renewable for up to four years (50 recipients) Eligibility:  Applicant must be a high school senior, high school graduate, or a current postsecondary undergraduate student enrolled full-time in undergraduate study at an accredited four-year college or university. Applicant must be majoring in (or planning to major in) a course of study that focuses on Engineering, Technology, or select Design or Business related programs of study. Requirements: Electronic application.  You may wish to gather the following information that will be necessary for the application: A list of your work experience and involvement in school and community activities Your transcript of grades (online transcripts must display student name, school name, grade and credit hours earned for each course, and term in which each course was taken) Your parents/guardians financial information from their most recently filed tax return or your own financial information if an independent student. Due Date: February 29, 2016 at 5:00pm EST. Learn more and apply The Levin Firm Scholarship Amount: $1,000 Eligibility:  Applicant must be attending college or planning on attending college or graduate school in the near future. Requirements:  In order to apply, applicants must submit a 500+ word essay on the following topic: Teen drivers account for a disproportionate number of motor vehicle crashes. While the reasons for this are varied, some observers believe that raising the minimum driving age would help address this issue, while others believe it would simply make the riskiest drivers on the road a little bit older. With whom do you agree and why? Due Date: February 15, 2016 Learn more and apply Create-A-Greeting-Card Scholarship Amount: $10,000 Eligibility: Scholarship contest is open to all high school, college and university students enrolled at any time during the latter half of 2015. Applicant must be a legal residents of the 50 United States, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. Requirements: Applicant must submit a photo, artwork or computer graphic for the front of a greeting card.  Designs should be appropriate for business and  consumer use. Due Date: February 25, 2016 Learn more and apply AFA Teens for Alzheimers Awareness College Scholarship Amount: $5,000 Eligibility: Applicant must be a high school student who will be entering an accredited four-year college or university within 12 months of the deadline. Requirements:  Applicant must submit an essay on a topic related to Alzheimer’s disease. Due Date: February 15, 2016 Learn more and apply

Application of Nursing Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Application of Nursing Theory - Research Paper Example The aim of this paper is to provide a core reflection of what nursing entails and do the comparison of their values and images of nursing and the one written down by theorists. The nursing theory has many issues that the report will show in steps that are having finer details on the main topic. From the literature available, it is clear that the role of the nurse is not easily illustrated by the theorists from within the profession failing to agree on the exact nature of nursing. In cases, that the nursing models are using the base for the practice and development of nursing knowledge is increasingly bringing the issue of critics and questions by nurse scholars for not providing realistic descriptions of nursing. Studies show that the way forward is to develop the region of nursing knowledge, as this will make nurses to clear their operations. A general theory of nursing or a general model in nursing that combines the whole profession is to ignore. This statement brings a point on the basis that the variety in nursing prevents the emergence of an overall theory of nursing. The nursing theory provides an idea from which to define what of the nursing, to describe whom, specifically clients of nursing and the time that the nursing activities are done. There is also the identification of the boundaries and the goals of nursing therapeutic operations. In this case, theory is a very important principle to effective nursing practice and research. The idea of professionalism in nursing has been in the rise steadily through the development and using of nursing theory (Algase, 2008). The idea of nursing theory develops in order to describe the process and occurrence of the nursing concept. The nursing theory clearly separates nursing from other areas of disciplines and operations that elaborate the purposes of prediction, explanation and controlling favorable results of nursing care operations. The core purpose of the theory in the scientific arena

Sociology (Love, Friendship and the Intimate Sphere) Essay

Sociology (Love, Friendship and the Intimate Sphere) - Essay Example This means that love can grow between straight men and women as well as the homosexual and heterosexual individuals. This, in the world of present times, is quite a common occurrence. However the aspect of intimacy can take a U-turn when relationships start getting sour and there are heartbreaks left, right and center which mark the breaking up of these relationships. First we need to understand what the intimate sphere is all about before delving any further into the regime of love, affection and relationships. The intimate sphere speaks volumes of the manner in which intimacy is documented through the physical demonstrations of love, making out and kissing in public and even when the two love birds are alone. [Gordon, 1993] It also means that the two individuals feel strongly about each other so much so that they cannot spend their time without each other’s company. The social and cultural values seem to encircle the intimate sphere in entirety and this cannot be denied its due right in the related scheme of things. An unfortunate thing that has stepped into this intimate sphere is in the form of violence and violent activities being carried out between the members who are in a relationship which suggests that since they feel strongly about the whole linkage, there is an element which tells them from within to go against the norm and sho w hatred, for the time being or forever in one way or the other. What we need to understand is the fact that love means providing comfort and solace to each other rather what we witness these days is more of a violent activity where more and more love means more violent activities happening at different levels and in different relationships as well. It is rightly stated that violence is indeed the companion of the intimate relationships and the same do exist in close proximity of each other, much to the dismay of pure and ever lasting regimes based on love and